AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 006497

An early inflammatory gene profile in visceral adipose tissue in children

Identifieur interne : 006497 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 006496; suivant : 006498

An early inflammatory gene profile in visceral adipose tissue in children

Auteurs : Charmaine S. Tam [Australie, France, États-Unis] ; Leonie K. Heilbronn [Australie] ; Corneliu Henegar [France] ; Melanie Wong [Australie] ; Christopher T. Cowell [Australie] ; Mark J. Cowley [Australie] ; Warren Kaplan [Australie] ; Karine Clément [France] ; Louise A. Baur [Australie]

Source :

International Journal of Pediatric Obesity [ 1747-7166 ] ; 2011-06.

RBID : ISTEX:4EAE5BC230129E85C244676EC19380E84E46E409

Descripteurs français

Wicri :
- topic : Médiateur, Recherche médicale.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Adiponectin, Adipose, Adipose tissue, Cardiovascular risk, Ccl5, Cell growth, Chemokine, Chronic obesity, Clin endocrinol metab, Cohort, Developmental genes, Differentially, Garvan institute, Gene, Gene expression, Genes ccl2, Growth factor, Haptoglobin, Haptoglobin mrna levels, Human adipose tissue, Insulin resistance, Leptin, Macrophage, Mediator, Medical research, Microarray, Microarray analyses, Mrna, Ndings, Neuronatin, Obes, Obes surg, Obese, Obese adults, Omental adipose tissue, Overweight children, Prepubertal, Prepubertal children, Receptor, Silver spring, Subcutaneous, Subcutaneous adipose tissue, Vegf, Visceral, Visceral adipose tissue, Westmead, Whole cohort, Young children.
Teeft :
- Adiponectin, Adipose, Adipose tissue, Cardiovascular risk, Ccl5, Cell growth, Chemokine, Chronic obesity, Clin endocrinol metab, Cohort, Developmental genes, Differentially, Garvan institute, Gene, Gene expression, Genes ccl2, Growth factor, Haptoglobin, Haptoglobin mrna levels, Human adipose tissue, Insulin resistance, Leptin, Macrophage, Mediator, Medical research, Microarray, Microarray analyses, Mrna, Ndings, Neuronatin, Obes, Obes surg, Obese, Obese adults, Omental adipose tissue, Overweight children, Prepubertal, Prepubertal children, Receptor, Silver spring, Subcutaneous, Subcutaneous adipose tissue, Vegf, Visceral, Visceral adipose tissue, Westmead, Whole cohort, Young children.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize expression profiles of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children. Adipose tissue samples were collected from children having elective surgery (n = 71, [54 boys], 6.0 ± 4.3 years). Affymetrix microarrays (n = 20) were performed to characterize the functional profile and identify genes of interest in adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue had an overrepresentation of Gene Ontology themes related to immune and inflammatory responses and subcutaneous adipose tissue had an overrepresentation of themes related to adipocyte growth and development. Likewise, qPCR performed in the whole cohort showed a 30‐fold increase in haptoglobin (P = 0.005), 7‐fold increase in IL‐10 (P < 0.001), 8‐fold decrease in VEGF (P = 0.01) and a 28‐fold decrease in TBOX15 (P < 0.001) in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue. The inflammatory pattern in visceral adipose tissue may represent an early stage of the adverse effects of this depot, and combined with chronic obesity, may contribute to increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk.

Url:

DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.575152

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">An early inflammatory gene profile in visceral adipose tissue in children</title>
<author><name sortKey="Tam, Charmaine S" sort="Tam, Charmaine S" uniqKey="Tam C" first="Charmaine S." last="Tam">Charmaine S. Tam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heilbronn, Leonie K" sort="Heilbronn, Leonie K" uniqKey="Heilbronn L" first="Leonie K." last="Heilbronn">Leonie K. Heilbronn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henegar, Corneliu" sort="Henegar, Corneliu" uniqKey="Henegar C" first="Corneliu" last="Henegar">Corneliu Henegar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wong, Melanie" sort="Wong, Melanie" uniqKey="Wong M" first="Melanie" last="Wong">Melanie Wong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cowell, Christopher T" sort="Cowell, Christopher T" uniqKey="Cowell C" first="Christopher T." last="Cowell">Christopher T. Cowell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cowley, Mark J" sort="Cowley, Mark J" uniqKey="Cowley M" first="Mark J." last="Cowley">Mark J. Cowley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaplan, Warren" sort="Kaplan, Warren" uniqKey="Kaplan W" first="Warren" last="Kaplan">Warren Kaplan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clement, Karine" sort="Clement, Karine" uniqKey="Clement K" first="Karine" last="Clément">Karine Clément</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baur, Louise A" sort="Baur, Louise A" uniqKey="Baur L" first="Louise A." last="Baur">Louise A. Baur</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:4EAE5BC230129E85C244676EC19380E84E46E409</idno>
<date when="2011" year="2011">2011</date>
<idno type="doi">10.3109/17477166.2011.575152</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/4EAE5BC230129E85C244676EC19380E84E46E409/fulltext/pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000E86</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000E86</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000E86</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">000917</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000917</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1747-7166:2011:Tam C:an:early:inflammatory</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829917</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4829917</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001E38</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001E38</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001C94</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001C94</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002414</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002414</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000A71</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000A71</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000A71</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1747-7166:2011:Tam C:an:early:inflammatory</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">006874</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">006497</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">006497</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">An early inflammatory gene profile in visceral adipose tissue in children</title>
<author><name sortKey="Tam, Charmaine S" sort="Tam, Charmaine S" uniqKey="Tam C" first="Charmaine S." last="Tam">Charmaine S. Tam</name>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>The Garvan Institute of Medical Research</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>France</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>INSERM, U872 (Eq.7), Nutriomique, Paris, UniversitÉ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 872</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country wicri:rule="url">États-Unis</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heilbronn, Leonie K" sort="Heilbronn, Leonie K" uniqKey="Heilbronn L" first="Leonie K." last="Heilbronn">Leonie K. Heilbronn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>The Garvan Institute of Medical Research</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henegar, Corneliu" sort="Henegar, Corneliu" uniqKey="Henegar C" first="Corneliu" last="Henegar">Corneliu Henegar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>France</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>INSERM, U872 (Eq.7), Nutriomique, Paris, UniversitÉ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 872</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie‐Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition and Endocrinology Department, Paris, France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wong, Melanie" sort="Wong, Melanie" uniqKey="Wong M" first="Melanie" last="Wong">Melanie Wong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cowell, Christopher T" sort="Cowell, Christopher T" uniqKey="Cowell C" first="Christopher T." last="Cowell">Christopher T. Cowell</name>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cowley, Mark J" sort="Cowley, Mark J" uniqKey="Cowley M" first="Mark J." last="Cowley">Mark J. Cowley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Peter Wills Bioinfomatics Centre, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaplan, Warren" sort="Kaplan, Warren" uniqKey="Kaplan W" first="Warren" last="Kaplan">Warren Kaplan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Peter Wills Bioinfomatics Centre, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clement, Karine" sort="Clement, Karine" uniqKey="Clement K" first="Karine" last="Clément">Karine Clément</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>France</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>INSERM, U872 (Eq.7), Nutriomique, Paris, UniversitÉ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 872</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie‐Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition and Endocrinology Department, Paris, France, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baur, Louise A" sort="Baur, Louise A" uniqKey="Baur L" first="Louise A." last="Baur">Louise A. Baur</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j" type="main">International Journal of Pediatric Obesity</title>
<title level="j" type="alt">INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC OBESITY</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1747-7166</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1747-7174</idno>
<imprint><biblScope unit="vol">6</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">2Part2</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="e360">e360</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="e363">e363</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page-count">4</biblScope>
<publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher>
<pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2011-06">2011-06</date>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">1747-7166</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1747-7166</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adiponectin</term>
<term>Adipose</term>
<term>Adipose tissue</term>
<term>Cardiovascular risk</term>
<term>Ccl5</term>
<term>Cell growth</term>
<term>Chemokine</term>
<term>Chronic obesity</term>
<term>Clin endocrinol metab</term>
<term>Cohort</term>
<term>Developmental genes</term>
<term>Differentially</term>
<term>Garvan institute</term>
<term>Gene</term>
<term>Gene expression</term>
<term>Genes ccl2</term>
<term>Growth factor</term>
<term>Haptoglobin</term>
<term>Haptoglobin mrna levels</term>
<term>Human adipose tissue</term>
<term>Insulin resistance</term>
<term>Leptin</term>
<term>Macrophage</term>
<term>Mediator</term>
<term>Medical research</term>
<term>Microarray</term>
<term>Microarray analyses</term>
<term>Mrna</term>
<term>Ndings</term>
<term>Neuronatin</term>
<term>Obes</term>
<term>Obes surg</term>
<term>Obese</term>
<term>Obese adults</term>
<term>Omental adipose tissue</term>
<term>Overweight children</term>
<term>Prepubertal</term>
<term>Prepubertal children</term>
<term>Receptor</term>
<term>Silver spring</term>
<term>Subcutaneous</term>
<term>Subcutaneous adipose tissue</term>
<term>Vegf</term>
<term>Visceral</term>
<term>Visceral adipose tissue</term>
<term>Westmead</term>
<term>Whole cohort</term>
<term>Young children</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Adiponectin</term>
<term>Adipose</term>
<term>Adipose tissue</term>
<term>Cardiovascular risk</term>
<term>Ccl5</term>
<term>Cell growth</term>
<term>Chemokine</term>
<term>Chronic obesity</term>
<term>Clin endocrinol metab</term>
<term>Cohort</term>
<term>Developmental genes</term>
<term>Differentially</term>
<term>Garvan institute</term>
<term>Gene</term>
<term>Gene expression</term>
<term>Genes ccl2</term>
<term>Growth factor</term>
<term>Haptoglobin</term>
<term>Haptoglobin mrna levels</term>
<term>Human adipose tissue</term>
<term>Insulin resistance</term>
<term>Leptin</term>
<term>Macrophage</term>
<term>Mediator</term>
<term>Medical research</term>
<term>Microarray</term>
<term>Microarray analyses</term>
<term>Mrna</term>
<term>Ndings</term>
<term>Neuronatin</term>
<term>Obes</term>
<term>Obes surg</term>
<term>Obese</term>
<term>Obese adults</term>
<term>Omental adipose tissue</term>
<term>Overweight children</term>
<term>Prepubertal</term>
<term>Prepubertal children</term>
<term>Receptor</term>
<term>Silver spring</term>
<term>Subcutaneous</term>
<term>Subcutaneous adipose tissue</term>
<term>Vegf</term>
<term>Visceral</term>
<term>Visceral adipose tissue</term>
<term>Westmead</term>
<term>Whole cohort</term>
<term>Young children</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Médiateur</term>
<term>Recherche médicale</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The aim of this study was to characterize expression profiles of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children. Adipose tissue samples were collected from children having elective surgery (n = 71, [54 boys], 6.0 ± 4.3 years). Affymetrix microarrays (n = 20) were performed to characterize the functional profile and identify genes of interest in adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue had an overrepresentation of Gene Ontology themes related to immune and inflammatory responses and subcutaneous adipose tissue had an overrepresentation of themes related to adipocyte growth and development. Likewise, qPCR performed in the whole cohort showed a 30‐fold increase in haptoglobin (P = 0.005), 7‐fold increase in IL‐10 (P < 0.001), 8‐fold decrease in VEGF (P = 0.01) and a 28‐fold decrease in TBOX15 (P < 0.001) in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue. The inflammatory pattern in visceral adipose tissue may represent an early stage of the adverse effects of this depot, and combined with chronic obesity, may contribute to increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Paris</li>
<li>Sydney</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université de Sydney</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Tam, Charmaine S" sort="Tam, Charmaine S" uniqKey="Tam C" first="Charmaine S." last="Tam">Charmaine S. Tam</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Baur, Louise A" sort="Baur, Louise A" uniqKey="Baur L" first="Louise A." last="Baur">Louise A. Baur</name>
<name sortKey="Cowell, Christopher T" sort="Cowell, Christopher T" uniqKey="Cowell C" first="Christopher T." last="Cowell">Christopher T. Cowell</name>
<name sortKey="Cowley, Mark J" sort="Cowley, Mark J" uniqKey="Cowley M" first="Mark J." last="Cowley">Mark J. Cowley</name>
<name sortKey="Heilbronn, Leonie K" sort="Heilbronn, Leonie K" uniqKey="Heilbronn L" first="Leonie K." last="Heilbronn">Leonie K. Heilbronn</name>
<name sortKey="Kaplan, Warren" sort="Kaplan, Warren" uniqKey="Kaplan W" first="Warren" last="Kaplan">Warren Kaplan</name>
<name sortKey="Tam, Charmaine S" sort="Tam, Charmaine S" uniqKey="Tam C" first="Charmaine S." last="Tam">Charmaine S. Tam</name>
<name sortKey="Wong, Melanie" sort="Wong, Melanie" uniqKey="Wong M" first="Melanie" last="Wong">Melanie Wong</name>
</country>
<country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Tam, Charmaine S" sort="Tam, Charmaine S" uniqKey="Tam C" first="Charmaine S." last="Tam">Charmaine S. Tam</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Clement, Karine" sort="Clement, Karine" uniqKey="Clement K" first="Karine" last="Clément">Karine Clément</name>
<name sortKey="Clement, Karine" sort="Clement, Karine" uniqKey="Clement K" first="Karine" last="Clément">Karine Clément</name>
<name sortKey="Henegar, Corneliu" sort="Henegar, Corneliu" uniqKey="Henegar C" first="Corneliu" last="Henegar">Corneliu Henegar</name>
<name sortKey="Henegar, Corneliu" sort="Henegar, Corneliu" uniqKey="Henegar C" first="Corneliu" last="Henegar">Corneliu Henegar</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tam, Charmaine S" sort="Tam, Charmaine S" uniqKey="Tam C" first="Charmaine S." last="Tam">Charmaine S. Tam</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Main/Exploration

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 006497 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 006497 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Asie
   |area=    AustralieFrV1
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     ISTEX:4EAE5BC230129E85C244676EC19380E84E46E409
   |texte=   An early inflammatory gene profile in visceral adipose tissue in children
}}

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Tue Dec 5 10:43:12 2017. Site generation: Tue Mar 5 14:07:20 2024

Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

An early inflammatory gene profile in visceral adipose tissue in children

An early inflammatory gene profile in visceral adipose tissue in children

Source :

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.